Abstract
As the epidemiological statistics for anxiety disorders and mood disorders show, adult mental health has declined in recent decades, making the life of the average person more prone to adversity. Several worldwide sociocultural changes require people to be more flexible and adaptive to cope with modern life. Therefore, people’s ability to cope with daily stress and care for their well-being remain important issues. An essential factor in enhancing and protecting mental health is resilience as an inner source and the capacity to face adversity. Resilience can be described as the competence to stay flexible and adapt to changing environments, even in an unfavorable habitat. As a capability, despite its importance, it is mostly described and explored in childhood populations, leaving a space for further investigations focusing on adults. The article aims to present some findings regarding resilience among young adults, as well as to emphasize the importance of resilience in adult life.
References
American Psychological Association (2011). The road to resilience. Access on the internet: http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/road-resilience
American Psychological Association (2019). Mental health issues increased significantly in young adults over last decade: Shift may be due in part to the rise of digital media, study suggests. “Science Daily”. Access on the internet: www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/03/190315110908.htm
Antonovsky, A. (2005). Rozwikłanie tajemnicy zdrowia: Jak radzić sobie ze stresem i nie zachorować. Warszawa: Wydawca Instytut Psychiatrii i Neurologii.
Borucka, A. (2011). Koncepcja resilience. Podstawowe założenia i nurty badań [In:] Junik, W., eds., Resilience. Teoria – badania – praktyka. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Edukacyjne PARPAMEDIA.
Borucka, A., Ostaszewski, K. (2012). Czynniki i procesy resiliency wśród dzieci krzywdzonych. „Dziecko Krzywdzone. Teoria, badania, praktyka”, 11(3).
Brzezińska, A., Kaczan, R., Piotrowski, K., Rękosiewicz, M. (2011). Odroczona dorosłość: fakt czy artefakt? „Nauka”, 4.
Brzezińska, A., Syska, W. (2016). Ścieżki wkraczania w dorosłość. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Nauk Społecznych Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu.
Campbell, J.D., Assanand, S., Di Paula, A. (2003). The structure of the self-concept and its relation to psychological adjustment. “J Pers.” 71(1).
Chatterjee, S.S., Malathesh Barikar, C., Mukherjee, A. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on pre-existing mental health problems. “Asian Journal of Psychiatry”, 51.
Clough, P., Strycharczyk, D. (2012). Mental toughness and its role in the development of young people. “Coaching in Education: getting better results for students, educators and parents”.
Clough, P., Strycharczyk, D. (2012). Developing mental toughness: improving performance, wellbeing and positive behaviour in others. London: Kogan Page Publishers.
Cullen, W., Gulati, G., Kelly, B.D. (2020). Mental health in the Covid-19 pandemic. “QJM: An International Journal of Medicine”, 113(5).
Fiorillo, A., Gorwood, P. (2020). The consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and implications for clinical practice. “European Psychiatry”, 63(1).
Gambin, M., Sękowski, M., Woźniak-Prus, M., Pisula, E., Hansen, K., Kmita, G., Kubicka, K., Gorgol, J., Huflejt-Łukasik, M., Holas, P., Łyś, A.E., Wnuk, A., Oleksy, T., Szczepaniak, A., Cudo, A., Łojek, E., Bargiel-Matusiewicz, K. (2021). Objawy depresji i lęku wśród Polaków w trakcie epidemii COVID-10. Raport z badań podłużnych [Access: 20.05.2021]. Access on the internet: http://psych.uw.edu.pl/wpcontent/uploads/sites/98/2021/01/Raport_objawy_depresji_leku_IV_fale.pdf
Gerber, M., Kalak, N., Lemola, S., Clough, P.J., Perry, J.L., Pühse, U., Elliot, C., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., Brand, S. (2013). Are adolescents with high mental toughness levels more resilient against stress? “Stress and Health” 29(2).
Giddens, A. (2001). Nowoczesność i tożsamość. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network (2017). Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 (GBD 2016) Results. Seattle, United States: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME).
—— (2018). Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (GBD 2017) Results. Seattle, United States: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME).
Grossman, E.S., Hoffman, Y.S., Palgi, Y., Shrira, A. (2021). COVID-19 related loneliness and sleep problems in older adults: worries and resilience as potential moderators. “Personality and Individual Differences”, 168.
Guterres, A. (2022). Secretary-General's remarks to the Security Council – on Conflict and Food Security. Access on the internet: https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/speeches/2022-05-19/secretary-generals-remarks-the-security-council-conflict-and-food-security.
Heszen-Niejodek, I., Wrześniewski, K. (2000). Udział psychologii w rozwiązywaniu problemów zdrowia somatycznego [In:] Strealu, J., eds., Psychologia. Podręcznik akademicki, t. 3: Jednostka w społeczeństwie i elementy psychologii stosowanej. Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Hu, T., Zhang, D., Wang, J. (2015). A meta-analysis of the trait resiliency and mental health. “Personality and Individual Differences”, 76.
Junik, W. (2011). Resilience. Teoria – badania – praktyka. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Edukacyjne Paramedia.
Kaczmarek, Ł., Sęk, H., Ziarko, M. (2011). Sprężystość psychiczna i zmienne pośredniczące w jej wpływie na zdrowie. „Przegląd Psychologiczny”, 1.
Kent, M., Davis, M. (2010). Resilience interventions: The emergence of capacity building programs and models. “Handbook of adult resilience”.
Killgore, W.D.S., Taylor, E.C., Cloonan, S.A., Dailey, N.S. (2020). Psychological resilience during the COVID-19 lockdown. “Psychiatry Research”, 291.
Kutwa, K. (2021). Corona Generation. Growinf Up in a Pandemic. Warsaw: Polish Economic Institute.
Luthar, S.S. (1991). Vulnerability and resiliency: A study of high-risk adolescents. “Child development”, 62(3).
Luthar, S.S., Cicchetti, D. Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resiliency: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. “Child development”, 71(3).
Masten, A. Powell, J. 2003. A resiliency framework for research, policy, and practice [In:] Luther, S., eds., Resiliency and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mead, M. (2000). Kultura i tożsamość. Studium dystansu międzypokoleniowego. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Ogińska-Bulik, N. (2011). Rola prężności psychicznej w przystosowaniu się kobiet do choroby nowotworowej. „Psychoonkologia”, 1.
Ogińska-Bulik, N., Juczyński, Z. (2008). Skala Pomiaru Prężności (SPP-25). „Nowiny Psychologiczne”, 3.
—— (2008). Właściwości osobowości sprzyjające chorobom somatycznym – rola typu D., „Psychoonkologia”, 12(1).
Oleś, K.P. (2011). Psychologia człowieka dorosłego. Ciągłość – zmiana – integracja. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Ornell, F., Schuch, J.B., Sordi, A.O., Kessler, F.H.P. (2020). “Pandemic fear” and COVID-19: mental health burden and strategies. “Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry”, 42(3).
Pat-Horenczyk, R., Rabinowitz, R.G., Rice, A., Tucker-Levin, A. (2009). The search for risk and protective factors in childhood PTSD. “Treating traumatized children. Risk, resilience and recovery”.
Pfefferbaum, B., North, C.S. (2020). Mental health and the Covid-19 pandemic. “New England Journal of Medicine”, 383(6).
Piotrowski, K. (2013). Identity in adolescence and emerging adulthood: Relationships with emotional and educational factors. “Polish Psychological Bulletin”, 44.
Piotrowski, K., Brzezińska, A.I., Pietrzak, J. (2013). Four statuses of adulthood: Adult roles, psychosocial maturity, and identity formation in emerging adulthood. “Health Psychology Report”, 1.
Rękosiewicz, M. (2013). Type of social participation and identity formation in adolescence and emerging adulthood. “Polish Psychological Bulletin”, 44.
Ritchie, H., Roser, M. (2018). Mental health. Access on the internet: https://ourworldindata.org/mental-health
Shanahan, L., Steinhoff, A., Bechtiger, L., Murray, A.L., Nivette, A., Hepp, U., Ribeaud, D., Eisner, M. (2020). Emotional distress in young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence of risk and resilience from a longitudinal cohort study. “Psychological medicine”.
Shuja, H.K., Aqeel, M., Jaffar, A., Ahmed, A. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and impending global mental health implications. “Psychiatria Danubina”, 32(1).
Sikorska, I. (2016). Odporność psychiczna w okresie dzieciństwa. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.
Smith, B.W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: assessing the ability to bounce back. “International journal of behavioral medicine”, 15(3).
Soderstrom, M., Dolbier, Ch., Leiferman, J., Steinhardt, M. (2000). The relationship of hardiness, coping strategies, and perceived stress to symptoms of illness. “Journal of behavioral medicine”, 23(3).
Sokół-Szawłowska, M. (2021). Wpływ kwarantanny na zdrowie psychiczne podczas pandemii COVID-19. „Psychiatria”, 18(1).
Szwajca, K. (2014). Dyskurs na temat resilience – konteksty i aspekty praktyczne. „Psychoterapia”, 1(168).
Talarowska, M., Chodkiewicz, J., Nawrocka, N., Miniszewska, J. Zdrowie psychiczne a epidemia SARS-COV-2-badania polskie [Access: 20.05.2021]. Access on the internet: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Monika-Talarowska/publication/342845107_Mental_health_and_the_epidemic_SARS-COV-2_risk_factors_Polish_research_Zdrowie_psychiczne_a_epidemia_SARS-COV-2_-badania_polskie/links/5f087659a6fdcc4ca45bcf88/Mental-health-and-the-epidemic-SARS-COV-2-risk-factors-Polish-research-Zdrowie-psychiczne-a-epidemia-SARS-COV-2-badania-polskie.pdf.
Tracz-Dral, J. (2019). Zdrowie psychiczne w Unii Europejskiej. Biuro Analiz, Dokumentacji
i Korespondencji. Warszawa: Kancelaria Senatu.
Twenge, J.M., Cooper, A.B., Joiner, T.E., Duffy, M.E., Binau, S.G. (2019). Age, period, and cohort trends in mood disorder indicators and suicide-related outcomes in a nationally representative dataset, 2005–2017. “Journal of abnormal psychology”, 128(3).
UNHCR (2022). Ukraine, other conflicts push forcibly displaced total over 100 million for first time. Access on the internet: https://www.unhcr.org/news/press/2022/5/628a389e4/unhcr-ukraine-other-conflicts-push-forcibly-displaced-total-100-million.html.
World Health Organization (2014). Mental Health: a State of Well-being. Access on the internet: http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/mental_health/en/.
—— (2004). ICD-10: international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems: tenth revision, 2nd ed. World Health Organization.
—— (2001). The World Health Report 2001: Mental health: new understanding, new hope. World Health Organization.
Wright, M.O.D., Masten, A.S., Narayan, A.J. (2013). Resiliency processes in development: four waves of research on positive adaptation in the context of adversity. In: S. Goldstein, R.B. Brooks (Eds.), Handbook of Resiliency in Children. New York: Springer.
Wynne, R., De Broeck, V., Leka, S., Houtman, I., McDaid, D. (2014). Promoting mental health in the workplace. Guidelines for implementing the comprehensive approach. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Zautra, A.J., Hall, J.S., Murray, K.E. (2010). Resilience: A new definition of health for people and communities [In:] Reich, J.W., Zautra, A.J., Hall, J.S., eds., Handbook of adult resilience. New York: Guilford Press.
Zimmerman, M.A., Warschausky, S. (1998). Empowerment theory for rehabilitation research: Conceptual and methodological issues. “Rehabilitation psychology”, 43(1).
Ziółkowska, B. (2005). Okres wczesnej dorosłości. Jak rozpoznać potencjał młodych dorosłych? [In:] A. Brzezińska, A., eds., Psychologiczne portrety człowieka. Praktyczna psychologia rozwojowa. Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.